Archives

  • 2018-07
  • 2018-10
  • 2018-11
  • 2019-04
  • 2019-05
  • 2019-06
  • 2019-07
  • 2019-08
  • 2019-09
  • 2019-10
  • 2019-11
  • 2019-12
  • 2020-01
  • 2020-02
  • 2020-03
  • 2020-04
  • 2020-05
  • 2020-06
  • 2020-07
  • 2020-08
  • 2020-09
  • 2020-10
  • 2020-11
  • 2020-12
  • 2021-01
  • 2021-02
  • 2021-03
  • 2021-04
  • 2021-05
  • 2021-06
  • 2021-07
  • 2021-08
  • 2021-09
  • 2021-10
  • 2021-11
  • 2021-12
  • 2022-01
  • 2022-02
  • 2022-03
  • 2022-04
  • 2022-05
  • 2022-06
  • 2022-07
  • 2022-08
  • 2022-09
  • 2022-10
  • 2022-11
  • 2022-12
  • 2023-01
  • 2023-02
  • 2023-03
  • 2023-04
  • 2023-05
  • 2023-06
  • 2023-08
  • 2023-09
  • 2023-10
  • 2023-11
  • 2023-12
  • 2024-01
  • 2024-02
  • 2024-03
  • 2024-04
  • 2024-05

    • leukotriene receptor antagonists Table presents the odds rat

    2018-10-26

    Table 2 presents the odds-ratios for health disparities within the incarcerated and noninstitutionalized adult samples. The corresponding p-value denotes whether the health disparity (OR1 vs. OR2) differs significantly for incarcerated and noninstitutionalized adults. These findings are also presented graphically in Fig. 1. Among men, disparities are significantly lower in prison for three health conditions: kidney problems, stroke, and arthritis. In the general population, black men (2.9%) and white men (1.1%) report similar rates of kidney problems overall (Table 1). When adjusting for age and education, there is almost a three-fold increase in the odds of reporting a kidney problem for blacks compared to whites (Odds Ratio (OR2) = 2.65, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.52, 4.62). Both black (3.9%) and white (7.7%) male prisoners report higher rates of kidney problems compared to their noninstitutionalized counterparts (Table 1), but the increase is greater for whites, resulting in a reversal of the disparity: black prisoners report significantly lower odds of kidney problems compared to white prisoners (OR1 = 0.58, CI: 0.48, 0.70). The difference in odds ratios (OR1 = 0.58, OR2 = 2.65) is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level. This relationship is shown graphically in Fig. 1 Panel A. The odds ratio for kidney problems for noninstitutionalized men is on the right side of the 1.0 line whereas the odds ratio for incarcerated men is to the left of the 1.0 line. Similar patterns emerged for stroke and arthritis. Disparities among men are significantly larger in prisons for obesity and STI. There are no black-white differences in obesity in the general leukotriene receptor antagonists (OR2 = 0.93, CI: 0.78, 1.12). In the prison population, black men have 51% higher odds of being obese compared to white men (OR1 = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.68). Similarly, there are marginal race differences in STI in the general population (OR2 = 1.41, CI: 1.01, 1.96) but in the prison population blacks have almost three times the odds of reporting an STI (OR1 = 2.76, CI: 2.40, 3.18). The difference in odds ratios for STI between the prison and noninstitutionalized populations is significant at the p ≤ 0.001 level. A more pronounced pattern is found among women, especially at older ages. Disparities are significantly smaller among incarcerated women compared to women in the general population for a number of health conditions including hypertension, diabetes, heart problems, kidney problems, and stroke. For each of these health conditions, incarcerated white women report a significantly higher prevalence (p ≤ 0.001; not shown) compared to white women in the general population, whereas rates among black women in and out of prison remain unchanged or only slightly increased (Table 1). Thus, the race disparity gap is largely closed among incarcerated women due to the increasingly worse health of white women who are incarcerated. Table 2 shows that noninstitutionalized black women have over a three-fold increase in the odds of reporting diabetes compared to noninstitutionalized white women (OR2 = 3.19, CI: 2.32, 4.40). However, there is no significant difference in diabetes prevalence rates among black and white women in prison (OR1 = 0.89, CI: 0.64, 1.22). The interaction term indicates that these odds ratios are significantly different (p ≤ 0.001) (see Fig. 1 Panel B). Comparable patterns are present for hypertension, heart problems, kidney problems, and stroke. Similar to men, black-white disparities in STI are larger among women in prison. In the general population, black women report an overall STI prevalence of 14.0% compared to 10.8% for white women (Table 1). In the prison population, black women report much higher rates (20.1%) while rates for white women increase only slightly (13.4%). Table 2 confirms that black-white disparities are marginally different in the general population controlling for age and education (OR2 = 1.40, CI: 1.09, 1.79), yet there is a 53% increase in the odds of reporting an STI in the prison population (OR1 = 1.53, CI: 1.23, 1.90), although the race by inmate interaction term is not statistically significant (p = 0.496).